1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2021
/ 5  
 
(    )
  : 3   :75
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.     ?                 
   
2.             ,      
   
-
3.        ?    -   
 -        
4.    http       : GET, HEAD, POST  ,  ,  ,
,              ? 

?
2
Easy2Siksha
-
5. "FTP"      TCP/IP      ? FTP   
      '  
6. "  "      ?        -
      
-
7.    ?              
            
8. HTML          :
(I) 
(ii)    
(iii)  
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2021
/ 5  
 
(    )
  : 3   :75
:     -     ,            
       
-
1.     ?                 
   
:    (BBS)         
,         ,    
  -          ' 1970   
  1990     ,        
        
      
BBS  ?
 BBS   '             
        ',        ,
    ,         BBSs 
 -     ,      
             

           
 BBS,   "CBBS" (   ),   
   1978           
           ,    
      ,     BBS    
  
4
Easy2Siksha
      
BBSs    ,    '       

        ,  BBSs  ,   
  ,           , BBSs  
  1980   , BBS        
 ,    ,  ,     ANSI   
  
1980     ,       - BBSs   
   ,           
BBSs      ,      ,  
              ,  
 BBS    ,  1990      35,000    
1990            , BBS   
       1993      
        , 
  ...  '
   -    -    
    BBS          

 , ,          
BBS   
?
1990      2000      BBS       
 :
1.   :1990          BBS
      ,       
        BBS     , -
           
 
2.    :  BBS  - ,  
      ,   ' 
   ,        '
   ,   BBS        

3.    :MySpace, Facebook,  Reddit   BBSs
         '   
 -        , BBS
  -,    
 ,   
   
5
Easy2Siksha
4.  : BBS  '         BBS 
        ,      
         
   
    , BBS          
      ,  ,     
   BBSs             
 , ,          ,   BBS
    ,        ,    
  BBS         
 ,  ...     
      ,
         
      
 ,         
    

  
2.             ,      
   
 :      
              1950   
       ,           
    ,           
    (ARPA)      1960  
, ARPA           ,  ARPANET
  ,            
      ARPANET '    1969   
 ,   (UCLA)       
"LOGIN"  - ,           
 
ARPANET          ,   
                 
         - -    ,  
      1970     ,     
6
Easy2Siksha
    ,       ,    
/  (/)    -      

  
  ,  1990       
  CERN 
    -     (WWW)     

           
 
    ,       
. 1990     ,           ,  
,         
      
,          .   , ,
,         -     
 ,    ,  ,       
           , 55%
         ,  44%  
       
      
  46%      
  ,  23%       
 ,   YouTube         
    , ,         
                 
 ,             ,  
         
  
         ,   , 
               
, -      ,       
  
           ,
    ,      
-               
              
              
      
    ',          ,
  ,           
7
Easy2Siksha
,      
 ,      ,  ,
      ,      
  ,    " "    ,    
      
            ,   ' 
              
  ,            
,   ,           
   (IoT)     
    ,           (IoT)
 
            , 
   - ,         
  IoT       , 2030       30 
  
.    ,  ,           ,

            
,               
     ,           
           
 
    

  1960                 
                 
                   
,              -
   ,    '  ,  ,  ,
          ,   
  
 ,   ' ,        

8
Easy2Siksha
-
3.        ?    -   
 -        
 :             - 
-,     
,  1970         
   -   (    ) '  
             
     "@"   ,         

  ,        ,    
  ,        
1980    SMTP (   )       -
      ,     1990 
   ,  -     Hotmail  RocketMail (
  ) -    ,        
    
   
-   1990       
     ' 
 -  ,   ,  ,    ,
             ,  
        
 
         ,   
              
  ,       , -   
        ,  (,
),    ,          
         
    
      ,         

            
1.       : ""     ,     
,  "" ,    
CC ( )  BCC
(
 )           
 ,      '        
  
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Easy2Siksha
2.   :            
 
             
             
         
3. :     ,          
               
  '   ,   '   ' 
4.  :          ,  
          
 
5.    :           
,             
    ,   
    
 '   
6. :           
        ,      
,     , 
        
7.     (CTA):         
(   ,   '  ,   ),     
               
 ,       
8. :     '    ,   ,  
             
          
 
9. :   ,      (  
 ),        
     
      ,         
-     :
1. Gmail:    1.5          
   15 GB  ,   ,  Google  ,
,               ,
           
 
2. :        
       ,    , 
10
Easy2Siksha
,           
      
3.   :           ,   
        1 TB     
   
4.  :  -       
               , 
   
5.  :   '   ,  --
    ,         
            
     '    
6.  :   - ,   ,  Zoho 
             
    

               
     '           
 ,               
,     ,      ,    
        
4.    http       : GET, HEAD, POST  ,  ,  ,
,              ? 

?
:HTTP      (GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE, OPTIONS,
Connect, PATCH)
HTTP (  )     ,    ( )
        HTTP  ,  "" 
 ,      
         
-               
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      HTTP    :
1. GET 
GET     '              
  '  ,           GET 
     '            

  :
o       
o  GET      URL     (  Google
  )
o GET        
o          ,   '  2048 
  
o     ,     '  
 
2.  
HEAD  GET         ()  ,    
                  
        
  :
o    
      
o GET               
 
o       (-      )
3.  
POST     '           ,   
 '    GET  , POST URL         

  :
o        
o          (  HTTPS )
o   '           
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o   
 
      ,   

,  -   -     (   
)
4. PUT 
PUT     '            
   
        RESTful API  
 
  :
o          
o   ,   PUT        

o   
, 
      
5.   
DELETE      
   ,   ,  
       
  :
o   
 .
o PUT ,    
         
    
o  
, 
      
6.  
TRACE    '           
                
  :
o         ,    
     
o   ,          
   
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7.  
OPTIONS              
         HTTP     
  :
o         (GET, POST, )    
o    
     

8.  
CONNECT        -  ( )  
,    ' SSL (HTTPS)     
  :
o   (SSL)         
o    
, 
      , 
     
9.  
PATCH PUT   ,       ,      
       ,        
    
  :
o         
o  
,    '  
(  '   )
    
 : GET, HEAD, OPTIONS,  TRACE     

 -     ,       
 
 : POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT  PATCH   
 
        ,   (), 
 (),    ()      
 -   

   - HTTP    ,    APIs  -
        GET  OPTIONS    
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    ,   POST  DELETE    
    
          
          
-
5. "FTP"      TCP/IP      ? FTP   
      '  
:FTP (  )          
              1970 
           '   ,   
     ,         
     ,         FTPS
 SFTP         
FTP    
FTP, HTTP  SMTP     , TCP/IP      '
            :
1.   :   ,       
 
2.   :           
 FTP     ,     (   )
  ,     FTP   
,      
         
 
FTP        :
 :           
            
 :          
       
FTP   
FTP    
 ,   '   '    :
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1. FTP :FTP   ,         
 ,      
 
2. FTPS (FTP ):SSL (  )  TLS (  )
           
  
             
  
3. FTPES ( TLS/SSL  FTP):FTPS   ,    FTP
      TLS/SSL       
   FTPES  -      
    
4. SFTP (SSH     ):FTPS  FTPES  , SFTP   (
 )  
  SSH ( )      
             
   
 
FTP   
  FTP           , 
     
 ,   ' 
      
 
          :
: FTP    ,  ,   
      
--- :
 FTP      ,   
          
  : FTP    FTP  
            

   ,      FTP   
  
 , FTPS  SFTP          
      
TCP/IP     
FTP TCP/IP        ,         
-        - ,  
HTTP, SMTP (),  FTP         
(  TCP  UDP    ),   ,    , 
     -    
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   FTP
    , FTP      '   , 
:
          .
           
         .
FTP    ,      FTP    FileZilla 
Cyberduck '   ,   FTP   ,    ,  
         
   
-           
  ,  - FTP       
 

FTP              

  ,             
   ,   '     FTPS  SFTP 
     
 ,       
           , FTP   
       ,       
     
6. "  "      ?        -
       
:    :      
    ?
     ,      
   -,   ' ,    
                ,
 , , ,     ,    
  
 -             
       
 ,  
 ,
   
     - , -,   
 -     
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              - 
   HTML, CSS,  JavaScript        
  ,       ,     
             
        
     
      , -  , , 
             
       : -   --
 
1.  (- - )
     (CMS)        
        ,        -
  CNN        , -
       
 :    - ,       
          
60,000     ,    ,  ,   
            ,  
       
:  ,  ,   ,   
          ,    
   ,   '      
2. Wix ( - )
Wix   -     ,   -
  --     , -  
       
 : Wix -  , - ,   
              
 ,       ,     
   
:     ,   -  
         ,   
       
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3.   ( - )
Squarespace    -  ,   ,  
 -          ' ,   -
    
 :Squarespace -- ,       -,
- - ,    SSL    
  ,       '  
    
s: Squarespace       ,    
     ,          
      
4. Shopify ( - )
Shopify   -         
          ,     
         
 : Shopify       -    
-       -    
        
:  Shopify - '  ,      
 
 .   ,       Shopify
Payments
5. Adobe Dreamweaver (- - )
             
          
 :          
,   HTML, CSS,  JavaScript      
              
 '    
:         ,   
   - 
       , 
  Wix  ,      

6.    (- - )
Drupal  Joomla  - CMS  ,   ,    
     
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 :          ,
       
    
         
: Drupal  Joomla     Wix     
   ,         
 
     
     ,         ' 
  
 - :-  , Wix  Squarespace  
 --   -        Shopify
-    -     -

   :   , , , 
        ,    

       .
 :     ,        

   , -    Wix  Squarespace 
              
- : Shopify -   ,   WooCommerce   
             

        ,
    
    '    Wix, Squarespace,  Shopify 
 -      ,   , , 
            
       ,     
          
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-
7.    ?              
            
:     ?
    '              ,
         , ,    
       -     ,   
 ,   ,    ,    ,
   
         
    '  
   
         
 ,      ,        
  ',          ,    ,
,   ,          
   
       
  ,        
 :
1.     :       
 ,         
        '      
     
2. 24/7  :      ,    
      ,     ,   
     ,    
 
3.    :         
         '    
               

 
4.  -    :      -
           
,   (  )   ,  
            

21
Easy2Siksha
5.       : ,  ,   
       ,   
-            
 
6. -    :-    ,      
           -
            
      
            
         ,      
         :
1.      
     ,     .  
 ,   ,      ?   
           ,  -
     - '   ,    
    
2.   
,            .   
              .  
  ,             
  
3.      CMS (  ) 
       '      
  -    :
:,    -     
 -            
Wix   Squarespace:   --     ,
          
 
Webflow:           

      , 
      
     .
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4.        
               :
 :          
 , 
 , ,          
             
    
:           
              
   :   ,      
      ,   -   
   ,        
5.    (  ,   )
        ,      
         
    
         
  :               
       '   -   
 
 :          
  
               
   
   : -       

  ,        
       
6.    
      ,       
   HTML, CSS,  JavaScript       
   
             --
      
HTML:       
CSS:    ,   , ,  
JavaScript: , -,      
 
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7.     
 (  )     '    
        ,    ' 
  :
:            
 :        , 
   
 '   '  
-:          
 
8.      
    ,            ,
-    '         
-   ,     ,   
             
9.         
      , 
     ,  
 
.    '      -  
                
,   ,        
  

         , ,   -
        ,  ,   
      ,        
  ,            
  
        ,     
              
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8. HTML          :
(I) 
(ii)    
(iii)  
:HTML   ,       
HTML             
   
,  ,           HTML 
                
   :  ,   ,   
(I) 
HTML        HTML  '  CSS   
           , 
 HTML   
 CSS          '     


       '       
  '  
  :
HTML
  , <p>     20         
 
 :
1.  : 
         
   
2.     :   (   )
          
        '      :
:     
-:     

-:   
   
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/:    -      
,            HTML 
            ,   
'     CSS      
(II)    
HTML               '
                 
'  ,          
    :
1. <b> ():
o   
      


o : <b>   </b>
2. <strong>( ):
o <b>   ,         
o : <strong>   !</strong>
3. <i> ( ):
o    ,   '      
  
o : <i>   </i>
4. <em> (  ):
o <i>   ,     ,       
  
o : <em>  '    </em>
5. <mark> (   ):
o    ,   
    

o : <mark>     </mark>
6. <small> ( ):
o         ,    
    
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o : <small>   </small>
7. <del> (   ):
o   ,  
          


o : <del>     </del>
8. <sub> ()  <sup> ():
o  ,        
o : H<sub>2</sub>O ( ), E = mc<sup>2</sup>
                 
 
           
 ,   
             
     
(III)  
HTML             
               ,
    ' -,          
 HTML    :
html
   :
<table>:    
<tr> ( ):     
 
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<th> ( ):      ,    '  
  
<td> ( ):       
 
     :
1. :       
o : <table border="1">        
2. :         
o : <table cellpadding="10">       -
 
 
3.  :      
o : < ="5">  5     
4. colspan  rowspan:        
o colspan="2"          
o rowspan="2"         
 :
html
   
             
  
CSS 
  , 
,          
 
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   :
1.  :
         ,    
   
2.   :CSS        , 
 
        '      
 -       , .., ,    
  ,          

HTML   ,   ,     ' , ,  
          
  ,          

,              
       -      

:       Ai      ( )       
        , 
  '         